As
promised, Lissie and I are celebrating Black History Month by reading library books about black history. Take a gander at our take-home list:
Harriet Tubman and the Freedom Train, Sharon Gayle and Felicia Marshall
Martin Luther King Jr., Peter and Connie Roop
Minty: A Story of Young Harriet Tubman, Alan Schroeder and Jerry Pinkney
George Washington Carver, Tonya Bolden
A Lesson for Martin Luther King Jr, Denise Lewis Patrick and Rodney S. Pate
Sojourner Truth's Step-Stomp Stride, Andrea Davis Pinkney and Brian Pinkney *
Rosa's Bus: The Ride to Civil Rights, Jo S. Kittinger and Steven Walker
Happy Birthday, Martin Luther King Jr., Jean Marzollo and J. Brian Pinkney
*This is my absolute favorite. The writing is lyrical and wonderful, the pictures are delightful. Check it out.
It's not the simplest task to find age appropriate books correlating with Black History month, especially in my white suburb neighborhood library. Some of the books I've listed are definitely above Lissie's age level, so I have to summarize a lot of the text and focus her attention on the pictures. But especially because I currently live in a white suburb, it's important that she hear these stories, even summarized, and see these pictures because the general white American populace is woefully ignorant of black history, and I'm determined that Lissie will not be.
A recent, abhorrent video featuring students at my school has suggested that Mormons are ambivalent about black history. As a generality, I think this is true of white Mormons. But I also think this is an American, not just Mormon problem.
Having said that, I have heard informal statements made by white Mormons (although hereby shortened to just "Mormons" for the purpose of this post, be aware that Mormons are represented by a wide range of races and ethnicities) that indicated that blacks should "get over" ugly, tragic things in their history; that this is something Mormons have done (i.e. religious persecution, extermination orders, houses burned down, property stolen, women raped, people murdered directly by mobs and indirectly by the effects of the Western trek, extreme poverty, etc.) and so it's possible for Blacks too if they'd only resolve to do it.
I want to address this misconception by pointing out several things: Mormons are not, in fact, "over" their painful history and it is very much present in Mormon memory despite the lapse of generations; and there are (need I say it?) very real, significant differences between Black American and Mormon experiences with persecution; by telling people to "get over" their history, we are suggesting, first of all, what seems to me a human impossibility and secondly, we are dismissing something that makes up someone else's, and our own, story and identity. Black history is my history too because historically and currently, black and white history is tied up together, whether we acknowledge it or not.
Let me quantify what I say about Mormons not being over tragedies in their history. I have listed some of the elements that made up a large portion of the persecution mounted against Mormons, which began even before Mormonism was officially founded in 1830. Pioneer Day, held in Utah and some surrounding states on July 24th, marks the day that Mormons entered the Salt Lake Valley and essentially escaped the persecution of the mobs (although that persecution would be perpetuated by the U.S. government in various ways). This is mostly a triumphant holiday, but pioneer stories circulate among families and over Mormon pulpits about the sacrifice of pioneer ancestors who faced massive amounts of persecution and suffering because of their religion. Some ancestors came out of it alive. Others did not. I have stories like this in my own family history, and believe me, Mormons have not forgotten why this suffering took place.
Memories of this persecution have worked their way into the outlooks and identity of Mormons like me, who live after the fact by almost 200 years. These memories have worked their way into our theological outlook. Both the Bible and Book of Mormon are replete with metaphors of "Zion" and "Babylon", and many Mormons, particularly because of the persecution they faced historically, identify as "Zion"; "Babylon" consitutes outsiders, or people Mormons assume to be antagonistic towards them. If you sit in any Mormon meeting, references to "the world", containing threatening or dangerous allusions, are made consistently. Apparently Mormons still view "the world" to be a threatening place. And according to the recent Pew report, 68% of Mormons believe they are not seen as part of mainstream American culture (1), suggesting that Mormons see themselves as religious pariah.
Persecution has also worked its way into Mormon folklore. Mormons are all aware of stories in which other Mormons (that they may or may not personally know) have faced some sort of ignorance or discrimination; in some cases, even job discrimination (2-this is a personal account of such discrimination and a wonderful talk given by a man I admire).
Also according to the recent Pew report, "Nearly half of Mormons (46%) say there is a lot of discrimination against Mormons in the United States today." I don't have statistics to back this up, but my guess is this rate has dropped sharply in the past few years. However, only 31% of Mormons believe that blacks face discrimination. So then, the majority of Mormons feel they as a group face greater discrimination than black people (compare 46% to 31%, you get it) (3). In the words of Joanna Brooks, "Brothers and sisters: get a grip."
This gap is indicative of general ignorance about the kinds of discrimination blacks currently or historically have faced. American blacks and other members of the African diaspora have discrimination built into their memory banks just as Mormons do. Except those memories include pain that current Mormons can only have nightmares about. There are too many differences to list between the pain documented in black history and that documented in Mormon history.
Examples of pain and memory not documented in Mormon history include, but are not limited to, enslavement, torture, systematic disruption of family life, systematic rape, lynching, forced abandonment of religion and culture and the forced adoption of new religious norms, miscegenation laws, Jim Crow, and ongoing economic/policy discrimination. The list goes on and on.
It is hypocritical for Mormons to suggest that blacks "get over" their history when in fact we have not gotten over our own. Nor should we. Certainly there are some toxic elements of remembering tragedies. But there are benefits too. It is my personal belief that Pioneer Day shoud be a U.S. holiday, not just a day celebrated by Mormons; why not impress upon national memory a day that commemorates the threat of extermination and persecution of religious citizens-turned refugees? Isn't there an important lesson in there for everyone?
In a way very few Americans understand, Mormon history is their own. Just as few Mormons understand that Black history belongs to them too.
Works Cited:
1) Acceptance of Mormonism:
http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-mormon-moment.aspx#acceptance2)
http://www.lds.org/liahona/2002/03/the-currant-bush?lang=eng&query=currant+bush3) Anti-mormon Discrimination:
http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-mormon-moment.aspx#acceptance